Niranjan Khadka, PhD
Niranjan Khadka
Dr. Khadka is a biomedical engineer and researcher with over 10 years of experience in neuroengineering and neuromodulation. He earned his PhD from City University of New York under Prof. Marom Bikson. His research focuses on electrical stimulation methods for therapy, improving neurotechnology design, and translating technology to market. Dr. Khadka has expertise in computational FEM modeling, device characterization, system feature design, image and signal processing, clinical collaboration, manuscript publishing, grant writing, patent drafting, and navigating regulatory requirements. He continues to advance neuroengineering through innovative research and dedication to therapeutic technologies.
Resources
Education
Post-doctoral Research Fellow, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital (2020- 2022)
PhD. Biomedical Engineering, City University of New York, City College of New York (2020)
Publications
2024
Khadka, N., Deng, Z, Lisanby, S, Bikson, M, Camprodon, J. Computational Models of High-Definition Electroconvulsive Therapy for Focal or Multitargeting Treatment. The Journal of ECT. 2024. DOI: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000001069 PDF
Farahani, F., Khadka, N., Parra, L., Bikson, M., Vöröslakos. (2024) Transcranial electric stimulation modulates firing rate at clinically relevant intensities. Brain Stimulation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2024.04.007 PDF
Silva-Filho, E., Bikson, M., Gebodh, N., Khadka, N., Santos, A.,Pegado, R., Brasileiro-Santos, M. (2024) A pilot randomized controlled trial of transcranial direct current stimulation adjunct to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in hypertensive individuals. Frontiers in Neuroergonomics. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnrgo.2024.1236486
2023
Khadka, N., Poon, C., Cancel, L. M., Tarbell, J. M., & Bikson, M. (2023). Multi-scale multi-physics model of brain interstitial water flux by transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. Journal of Neural Engineering, 20(4), 046014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ace4f4 PDF
Rajagopalan, N.R., Vista, W.R., Fujimori, M., Vroomen, LGPH., Jiménez, J.M., Khadka, N., Bikson, M., Srimathveeravalli, G. Cytoskeletal Remodeling and Gap Junction Translocation Mediates Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption by Non‑invasive Low‑Voltage Pulsed Electric Fields. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 2023. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-023-03211-3. PDF
2022
Khadka N., Bikson M. (2022) Noninvasive Electrical Brain Stimulation of the Central Nervous System. Handbook of Neuroengineering. Springer Nature. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_59-1 PDF
Zannou, A. L., Khadka, N., & Bikson, M. (2022). Bioheat Model of Spinal Column Heating During High-Density Spinal Cord Stimulation. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2022.07.006 PDF
Baker, T. S., Zannou, A. L., Cruz, D., Khadka, N., Kellner, C., Tyc, R., Bikson, M., & Costa, A. (2022). Development and Clinical Validation of a Finite Element Method Model Mapping Focal Intracranial Cooling. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 1–1. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2022.3161085 PDF
Cardoso, L., Khadka, N., Dmochowski, J. P., Meneses, E., Lee, K., Kim, S., Jin, Y., & Bikson, M. (2022). Computational modeling of posteroanterior lumbar traction by an automated massage bed: Predicting intervertebral disc stresses and deformation. Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2022.931274 PDF
Dmochowski, J.P., Khadka, N., Cardoso, L., Meneses, E., Lee, K., Kim, S., Jin, Y., Bikson, M. (2022). Computational Modeling of Deep Tissue Heating by an Automatic Thermal Massage Bed: Predicting the Effects on Circulation. Frontiers in Medical Technology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmedt.2022.925554 PDF
2021
Khadka, N., Bikson, M. (2021). Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES). The NeuroTech Primer: A Beginner’s Guide to Everything Neurotechnology, NeuroTechX. 109-125, ISBN: 979-8454254056 PDF
Truong, D. Q., Khadka, N., Peterchev, A. V. & Bikson, M. (2021) Transcranial electrical stimulation devices. The Oxford Handbook of Transcranial Stimulation, Second Edition. Oxford University Press. 2: 2 -55. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198832256.013.2 PDF
Kreisberg, E., Esmaeilpoura, Z., Adair D., Khadka, N., Datta, A., Badran. B.W., Douglas Bremner, J., Bikson, M. (2021) High-resolution computational modeling of the current flow in the outer ear during transcutaneous auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS). Brain Stim. 14: 1419 -1430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2021.09.001
Jones A P., Goncalves-Garcia M, Gibson B, Trumbo M C.S., Coffman B A., Robert B, Gill H A., Mullins T, Hunter M A., Robinson C S.H., Combs A, Khadka N, Bikson M, Clark V P. (2021) Investigating the brain regions involved in tDCS-Enhanced category learning using finite element modeling. Neuroimage: Reports. 1(4): 100048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynirp.2021.100048 PDF
Unal, G, Swami, J.K, Canela, C, Cohen, S.L., Khadka, N, FallahRad, M, Short, B, Argyelan, M, Sackeim, H.A, & Bikson, M (2021 )Adaptive current-flow models of ECT: Explaining individual static impedance, dynamic impedance, and brain current density. Brain Stimul. 14(5):1154-1168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2021.07.012 PDF
2020
Khadka N, & Bikson M. 2020. Neurocapillary-modulation. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface. https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13338 PDF
Khadka N, Bikson M. 2020. Role of skin tissue layers and ultra-structure in transcutaneous electrical stimulation including tDCS. Physics in Medicine and Biology. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/abb7c1. PDF
Khadka N, Bikson M. 2020. Neurovascular-modulation. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.21.214494. PDF
Khadka, N., Liu, X., Zander, H., Swami, J., Rogers, E., Lempka, S., Bikson, M., 2020. Realistic anatomically detailed open-source spinal cord stimulation (RADO-SCS) model. Journal of Neural Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ab8344. PDF
Khadka N, Harmsen IE, Lozano AM, Bikson M. 2020. Bio‐Heat Model of Kilohertz‐Frequency Deep Brain Stimulation Increases Brain Tissue Temperature. Neuromodulation. https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13120. PDF
Shin DW, Fan J, Luu E, Khalid W, Xia Y, Khadka N, Bikson M, Fu BM. In Vivo Modulation of the Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). Annals of Biomedical Engineering 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-020-02447-7. PDF
2019
Khadka N, Bikson M. Response to the Letter to the Editor by Caraway et al. on “Tissue Temperature Increases by a 10 kHz Spinal Cord Stimulation System: Phantom and Bioheat Model”. Neuromodulation. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13079. 2019. PDF
Khadka N, Liu X, Zander H, Swami J, Rogers E, Lempka SF, Bikson M. Realistic Anatomically Detailed Open-Source Spinal Cord Stimulation (RADO-SCS) Model. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/857946. 2019. PDF
Khadka N, Truong D, Williams P, MArtin J, Bikson M. The Quasi-uniform assumption for Spinal Cord Stimulation translational research. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108446. 2019. PDF
Khadka N, Borges H, Paneri B, Kaufman T, Nassis E, Zannou AL, Shin Y, Choi H, Kim S, Lee K, Bikson M. Adaptive current tDCS up to 4 mA. Brain Stimulation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2019.07.027. 2019. PDF
Seibt O, Truong D, Khadka N, Huang Y, Bikson M. Computational Finite Element Method (FEM) forward modeling workflow for transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) current flow on MRI-derived head: Simpleware and COMSOL Multiphysics tutorial. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/704940. 2019. PDF
Zannou AL, Khadka N, Truong D, FallahRad M, Kopell B, Bikson, M. Tissue Temperature Increases by a 10 kHz Spinal Cord Stimulation System (NEVRO SENZA HF10): Phantom and bioheat Model. Neuromodulation. https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.12980. 2019. PDF
FallahRad M, Zannou AL, Khadka N, Prescott SA, Ratte S, Zhang T, Esteller R, Hershey B, Bikson M. Electrophysiology equipment for reliable study of kHz electrical stimulation. The Journal of Physiology. 2019. doi: https://doi.org/10.1113/JP277654. 2019. PDF
Hadar R, Winter R, Edemann-Callesen H, Wieske F, Habelt B, Khadka N, Felgel V, Barroeta Hlusicka E, Reis J, Alexandru Tatarau C, Funke K, Fritsch B, Bernhardt N, Bikson M, Nitsche MA, Winter C. Prevention of schizophrenia deficits via non-invasive adolescent frontal cortex stimulation in rats . Nature Molecular Psychiatry . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0356-x. 2019. PDF
2018
Zannou AL*, Khadka N*, Truong DQ, Zhang T, Esteller R, Hershey B, Bikson M. Temperature Increases by kilohertz frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation. Brain Stimulation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.10.007. 2018. PDF
Khadka N, Borges H, Zannou AL, Jang J, Kin B, Lee K, Bikson M. Dry tDCS: Tolerability of a novel multilayer hydrogel composite non-adhesive electrode for transcranial direct current stimulation. Brain Stimulation 11 (5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.07.049. 2018. PDF
Edemann-Callesen H, Habelt B, Wieske F, Jackson M, Khadka N, Mattei D, Bernhardt N, Heinz A, Liebetanz D, Bikson M, Padberg F, Hadar R, Nitsche MA, Winter C. Non-invasive modulation reduces repetitive behavior in a rat model through the sensorimotor cortico-striatal circuit. Nature Translational Psychiatry 8 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-017-0059-5. 2018. PDF
2017
Ezquerro F, Moffa AH, Bikson M, Khadka N, Aparicio LVM, Sampaio-Jr, B, Fregni F, Bensenor IM, Lotufo, PA, Pereira, AC, Brunoni AR. The influence of skin redness on blinding in transcranial direct current stimulation studies: a crossover trial. Neuromodulation 20 (3). 2017. doi: 10.1111/ner.12527. PDF
Khadka N, Zannou, AL, Zunara F, Truong DQ, Dmochowski J, Bikson M. Minimal Heating at the Skin Surface During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. Neuromodulation. 2017. doi: 10.1111/ner.1255. PDF
Chen CF, Bikson M, Chou LW, Shan C, Khadka N, Chen WS, Fregni F. Higher-order power harmonics of pulsed electrical stimulation modulates corticospinal contribution of peripheral nerve stimulation. Nature Scientific Reports7. 2017. doi: 10.1038/srep43619. PDF
Leite J, Goncalves OF, Pereira P, Khadka N, Bikson M, Fregni F, Carvalho S. The differential effects of unihemispheric and bihemispheric tDCS over the inferior frontal gyrus on proactive control. Neuroscience research.2017. doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.08.005. PDF
Zareen N, Shinozaki M, Ryan D, Alexander H, Amer A, Truong DQ, Khadka N, Sarkar A, Naeem S, Bikson M, Martin JH. Motor cortex and spinal cord neuromodulation promote corticospinal tract axonal outgrowth and motor recovery after cervical contusion spinal cord injury. Experimental neurology 297. 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.08.004. PDF
Esmaeilpour Z, Milosevic M, Azevedo K, Khadka N, Navarro J, Brunoni A, Popovic MR, Bikson M, Fontoff ET.Intracranial voltage recording during transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in human subjects with validation of a standard model. Brain Stimulation 10(4). 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.04.114. PDF
2016
Shin DW, Khadka N, Fan J, Bikson M, Fu BM. Transcranial direct current stimulation transiently increases the blood-brain barrier solute permeability in vivo. SPIE Medical Imaging: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging. 2016 Mar 29; 97881X. doi: 10.1117/12.2218197. PDF
Paneri B, Adair D, Thomas C, Khadka N, Patel V, Tyler W, Parra L, Bikson M. Tolerability of repeated application of transcranial electrical stimulation with limited outputs to healthy subjects. Brain Stimulation 9 (5). 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.05.008. PDF
Alam M, Truong DQ, Khadka N, Bikson M. Spatial and polarity precision of concentric high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS). Physics in Medicine & Biology 61 (12). 2016. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/12/4506. PDF
2015
Khadka N, Truong DQ, Bikson M. Principles of within electrode current steering. Journal of Medical Devices 9 (2). 2015. doi: 10.1115/1.4030126. PDF
Paneri B, Khadka N, Patel V, Thomas C, Tyler W, Parra L, Bikson M. The tolerability of transcranial electrical stimulation used across extended periods in a naturalistic context by healthy individuals. PeerJ (e13141). 2015. doi: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.1097v2. PDF
Sarantos C, Bekritsky J, Khadka N, Bikson M, Adusumilli P. Design of Wireless Intra-Operative Pulse Oximeter With Reticulated Pressure-Sensitive Head. Journal of Medical Devices 9 (3). 2015. doi: 10.1115/1.4030600. PDF
Bikson M, Truong DQ, Mourdoukoutas A, Aboseria M, Khadka N, Adair D, Rahman A. Modeling sequence and quasi-uniform assumption in computational neurostimulation. Progress in Brain research. 2015. doi: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.08.005. PDF
2014
Khadka N, Rahman A, Sarantos C, Truong DQ, Bikson M. Methods for specific electrode resistance measurement during transcranial direct current stimulation. Brain Stimulation 8 (1). 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.10.004. PDF
Book Chapters
2022
Khadka N., Bikson M. (2022) Noninvasive Electrical Brain Stimulation of the Central Nervous System. Handbook of Neuroengineering. Springer Nature. DOI: doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_59-1 PDF
2021
Khadka, N., Bikson, M. (2021). Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES). The NeuroTech Primer: A Beginner’s Guide to Everything Neurotechnology, NeuroTechX. 109-125, ISBN: 979-8454254056 PDF
Truong, D. Q., Khadka, N., Peterchev, A. V. & Bikson, M. (2021) Transcranial electrical stimulation devices. The Oxford Handbook of Transcranial Stimulation, Second Edition. Oxford University Press. 2: 2 -55. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198832256.013.2 PDF
2019
Truong DQ, Khadka N, Bikson M. 2020. Transcranial Electrical Stimulation in Neural Engineering, ed. Bin He. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43395-6. PDF
2018
Khadka N, Woods A.J, Bikson M. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Electrodes. In: Knotkova H., Nitsche M., Bikson M., Woods A. (eds) Practical Guide to Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. Springer Nature. pp 263-291. 2019. https://doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-95948-1_10 PDF
Patents
2018
Bikson M, Datta A, Khadka N. Electrode Assemblies for Delivering Therapeutic Electrostimulation. USPTO. US 10143832. 2018.
2016
Bikson M, Parra LC, Datta A, Khadka N, Macuff SA. System and method for conducting multi-electrode electrical stimulation. USPTO. US 9,339,642 B1 (14/209,674). 2016.
Professional Activities and Accolades
Accolades
Travel Award, North American Neuromodulation Society (NANS) Annual Meeting, 2020
Wallace H. Coulter Foundation Award for Outstanding Graduate Researcher, 2016-2017
Travel Award for top 5 presenter, Minnesota Neuromodulation Symposium, 2015
David Eleanor Award for Exemplary Undergraduate Research, 2013-2015
New American Award for Best research, 2014
Hersh Scholar, 2013
Rising American Award for Outstanding Academics, 2013
Oral Presentation
NANS 2023. Novel Indications of Non-Invasive Neurostimulation Technologies. Jan 14, 2023
NANS 2022. High-density Spinal Cord Stimulation increases tissue temperature & Neurocapillary-modulation. Jan 13- 15, 2022
XIII International Symposium on Neuromodulation. Advanced electrode technologies for tDCS. Nov 19-24, 2021
Engineering Principles of SCS and DBS: Emerging Concepts. Heating as a mechanism of kHz and high-density SCS and DBS. Jan 14, 2021.
Harvard Medical School/Massachusetts General Hospital. Non-invasive and invasive modalities of electrical stimulation: consequence of a current flow. 2020
International Conference of Translational Research in Brain Stimulation. Adaptive current tDCS up to 4 mA. Aug 31, 2020.
Three-In-Five Competition, Top 10 medical devices with commercial potential– WIPOX, Design of Medical Device Conference, 2015 Link (Pg 6)
Poster Presentation
Neuro-capillary modulation. 4th International Brain Stimulation Conference, 2021
Neuro-capillary modulation. NYC Neuromodulation, 2020 (Online) (E-Poster)
Bioheat model of kilohertz-frequency Deep Brain Stimulation increases brain tissue temperature. Neuromodulation the Science & NYC Neuromodulation 2019 (E-Poster)
Realistic Anatomically Detailed Open-source Spinal Cord Stimulation (RADO SCS) Model. Neuromodulation the Science & NYC Neuromodulation 2019
Generation 2 Bioheat Spinal cord Stimulation (SCS) model. 3rd International Brain Stimulation Conference, 2019
Temperature increases during conventional and high frequency spinal cord stimulation (SCS). NYC Neuromodulation Conference, 2017
Tolerability of up to 4 mA tDCS using Adaptive Stimulation. NYC Neuromodulation Conference, 2017
Dry electrode for transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). NYC Neuromodulation Conference, 2017
Understanding the skin response to transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Sfn, 2016
Design of Wireless Intra-Operative Pulse Oximeter With Reticulated Pressure-Sensitive Head. Military Health System Research Symposium, 2016
Factors influencing Current flow through Skin during transcranial electrical stimulation. Sfn, 2015 & NYC Neuromodulation, 2016
Design of Wireless Intra-Operative Pulse Oximeter With Reticulated Pressure-Sensitive Head. Design of Medical Device Conference, 2015
Principles of within electrode current steering. Minnesota Neuromodulation Symposium, 2015
Methods of Specific electrode resistance measurement during transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Sfn, 2014
Professional Courses
Hands-On Cadaver Course for Engineers. North American Neuromodulation Society (NANS), 2019
Hands-On NEURON Course. Yale University, 2019
Peer Reviewer
Pain and Therapy
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Scientific Reports, Nature
Brain Stimulation
Journal of Medical Devices
PeerJ
Journal of Neural Engineering
Neuroimage
Physics in Medicine and Biology
Neuromodulation
Biomedical Physics & Express
Bioelectrochemistry
IEEE
Dove Medical Press
Editor
Frontiers Neuroergonomics Since 2020
Find more about my research activities at my Google Scholar and Researchgate web links.