New paper: Temporal interference stimulation targets deep brain regions by modulating neural oscillations
New publication in Brain Stimulation
Temporal interference stimulation targets deep brain regions by modulating neural oscillations
Zeinab Esmaeilpour, Greg Kronberg, Davide Reato, Lucas C. Parra, & Marom Bikson
Brain Stimulation | (2020) 11(7) | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2020.11.007
Abstract:
Background
Temporal interference (TI) stimulation of the brain generates amplitude-modulated electric fields oscillating in the kHz range with the goal of non-invasive targeted deep brain stimulation. Yet, the current intensities required in human (sensitivity) to modulate deep brain activity and if superficial brain region are spared (selectivity) at these intensities remains unclear.
Objective
We developed an experimentally constrained theory for TI sensitivity to kHz electric field given the attenuation by membrane low-pass filtering property, and for TI selectivity to deep structures given the distribution of modulated and unmodulated electric fields in brain.
Methods
The electric field threshold to modulate carbachol-induced gamma oscillations in rat hippocampal slices was determined for unmodulated 0.05-2 kHz sine waveforms, and 5 Hz amplitude-modulated waveforms with 0.1-2 kHz carrier frequencies. The neuronal effects are replicated with a computational network model to explore the underlying mechanisms, and then coupled to a validated current-flow model of the human head.
Results
Amplitude-modulated electric fields are stronger in deep brain regions, while unmodulated electric fields are maximal at the cortical regions. Both experiment and model confirmed the hypothesis that spatial selectivity of temporal interference stimulation depends on the phasic modulation of neural oscillations only in deep brain regions. Adaptation mechanism (e.g. GABAb) enhanced sensitivity to amplitude modulated waveform in contrast to unmodulated kHz and produced selectivity in modulating gamma oscillation (i.e. Higher gamma modulation in amplitude modulated vs unmodulated kHz stimulation). Selection of carrier frequency strongly affected sensitivity to amplitude modulation stimulation. Amplitude modulated stimulation with 100 Hz carrier frequency required ∼5 V/m (corresponding to ∼13 mA at the scalp surface), whereas, 1 kHz carrier frequency ∼60 V/m (∼160 mA) and 2 kHz carrier frequency ∼80 V/m (∼220 mA) to significantly modulate gamma oscillation. Sensitivity is increased (scalp current required decreased) for theoretical neuronal membranes with faster time constants.
Conclusion
The TI sensitivity (current required at the scalp) depends on the neuronal membrane time-constant (e.g. axons) approaching the kHz carrier frequency. TI selectivity is governed by network adaption (e.g. GABAb) that is faster than the amplitude-modulation frequency. Thus, we show neuronal and network oscillations time-constants determine the scalp current required and the selectivity achievable with TI in humans.
