New Book Chapter: Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES)
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES)
Niranjan Khadka, Marom Bikson
NeuroTechX (2021) |The NeuroTech Primer: A Beginner’s Guide to Everything Neurotechnology | ASIN: B09CKP1D66 | ISBN: 979-8454254056| Pp: 109-125 |
Abstract:
Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) devices apply electrical waveforms through electrodes placed on the scalp to modulate brain function. Various types of tES devices are used for a wide range of indications spanning neurological and psychiatric disorders, blood-brain barrier polarization, neurorehabilitation after injury, and altering cognition in healthy adults. All tES devices share certain common features including a waveform generator (typically a current controlled source), electrodes that are either fully disposable or include a disposable electrolyte, and an adhesive to position the electrodes on the scalp. Various tES subclasses are named based on dose. For example, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a special class of tES applying high stimulation intensity. tES “dose” is defined by the size and position of electrodes, and waveform including the pattern, duration, and intensity of the current.
